Functional Groups

Science

When all the atoms present in the monomers are retained in the polymer product

Addition polymerization

When all the atoms present in the monomers are retained in the polymer product. Addition polymerization. Addition polymerization is a process where small molecules, called monomers, join together to form a large chain without losing any atoms.

A reaction in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule

Addition reaction

A reaction in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule. Addition reaction. An addition reaction happens when new atoms attach to a molecule that has double or triple bonds, making it more saturated.

A compound that contains the hydroxyl (-OH) group

Alcohol

A compound that contains the hydroxyl -OH group. Alcohol. Alcohol is a type of chemical that can affect the body when consumed and is used in various solutions.

An organic compound that contains the carbonyl group, −CHO

Aldehyde

An organic compound that contains the carbonyl group, CHO. Aldehyde. An aldehyde is a type of molecule found in many natural and industrial products, characterized by its reactive carbonyl group.

A compound formed from an alkyl group and a halogen

Alkyl halide

A compound formed from an alkyl group and a halogen. Alkyl halide. An alkyl halide is a chemical compound where a carbon group is bonded to a halogen atom like chlorine or fluorine.

An organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups

Amine

An organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups. Amine. In simple terms, an amine is a molecule that is like ammonia but has one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by carbon-containing groups.

A compound that contains a halogen atom bonded to a benzene ring

Aryl halide

A compound that contains a halogen atom bonded to a benzene ring. Aryl halide. An aryl halide is a chemical compound where a halogen atom, like chlorine or bromine, is attached directly to a benzene ring.

A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom

Carbonyl group

A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. Carbonyl group. A carbonyl group is a functional group in organic chemistry where a carbon is double-bonded to an oxygen, found in many important molecules like ketones and aldehydes.

A -COOH group, found in organic acids

Carboxyl group

A -COOH group, found in organic acids. Carboxyl group. A carboxyl group is a part of a molecule that contains a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group OH, making it acidic.

An organic compound containing the carboxyl group R-COOH

Carboxylic acid

An organic compound containing the carboxyl group R-COOH. Carboxylic acid. Carboxylic acids are chemicals found in many everyday substances, like vinegar, that have a sour taste and can react to form salts.

Polymers formed through a condensation reaction

Condensation polymerization

Polymers formed through a condensation reaction. Condensation polymerization. Condensation polymerization is a chemical process where small molecules join together to form a large polymer, releasing a small molecule like water as a byproduct.

A chemical reaction that involves the removal of hydrogen from an molecule

Dehydrogenation reaction

A chemical reaction that involves the removal of hydrogen from a molecule dehydrogenation reaction. It's a process where hydrogen atoms are taken away from a compound, often making it unsaturated.

Ethanol that has additives to make it bad-tasting and poisonous to discourage recreational consumption

Denatured alcohol

Ethanol that has additives to make it bad-tasting and poisonous to discourage recreational consumption. Denatured alcohol. It is ethanol that has been chemically altered to prevent people from drinking it.

A organic chemical reaction in which a pair of atoms are removed from a molecule

Elimination reaction

A organic chemical reaction in which a pair of atoms are removed from a molecule. Elimination reaction. In an elimination reaction, parts of a molecule are removed to form a simpler molecule, often creating a double bond.

An organic compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid

Ester

An organic compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid. Ester. An ester is a chemical compound that often has a pleasant smell and is used in making fragrances and flavors.

An organic compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon atoms

Ether

An organic compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon atoms. Ether. In simple terms, ether is a chemical that is often used as a solvent because it can dissolve many substances.

Cells breaking down molecules to release energy without using oxygen

Fermentation

Cells breaking down molecules to release energy without using oxygen. Fermentation. Fermentation is a process where cells produce energy in the absence of oxygen by converting sugars into alcohol or acids.

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound

Functional group

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound. Functional group. A functional group is a specific cluster of atoms within molecules that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

Any compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing at least one hydrogen atom with a halogen

Halocarbon

Any compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing at least one hydrogen atom with a halogen. Halocarbon. Halocarbons are chemicals that have chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine atoms replacing hydrogen in hydrocarbons.

Replacement of a hydrogen atom by a halogen atom in a molecule

Halogenation

Replacement of a hydrogen atom by a halogen atom in a molecule. Halogenation. It is a chemical reaction where a halogen is added to a compound, often making it more reactive.

Hydrogen is added to a carbon-carbon double bond, resulting in an alkane

Hydrogenation reaction

Hydrogen is added to a carbon-carbon double bond, resulting in an alkane. Hydrogenation reaction. A hydrogenation reaction is when hydrogen is added to molecules, often turning unsaturated compounds like oils into saturated ones, like fats.

The -OH group found in alcohols

Hydroxyl group

The -OH group found in alcohols. Hydroxyl group. The hydroxyl group is a pair of atoms consisting of an oxygen and a hydrogen that makes alcohols and other compounds reactive and soluble in water.

An organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms

Ketone

An organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms. Ketone. A ketone is a type of chemical compound where a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and is also connected to two other carbon atoms.

A large molecule formed from a chain of small monomers

Polymer

A large molecule formed from a chain of small monomers. Polymer. A polymer is a substance made up of long, repeating chains of smaller units called monomers.

A type of organic reaction where one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

Substitution reaction

A type of organic reaction where one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. Substitution reaction. In simple terms, a substitution reaction is like swapping one piece of a molecule for another.